Moxibustion

About Acupuncture

The term "acupuncture" describes a family of procedures involving the stimulation of anatomical points on the body using a variety of techniques. The acupuncture technique that has been most often studied scientifically (see bibliography below) involves penetrating the skin with thin, solid, metallic needles that are manipulated by the hands or by electrical stimulation.

Acupuncture is a principle modality of Oriental Medicine which focuses on healing within a unified system of body, mind and spirit. As a result, it is generally used in conjunction with herbal, massage, diet and exercise therapies to maximize health, prevent illness and treat disease (see  Chinese Traditional Medicine )

Acupuncture originated in China more than 2,500 years ago and spread first throughout Asia, and later to Europe and the Americas.  

In TCM, the body is seen as a delicate balance of two opposing and inseparable forces: yin and yang. The concept of two opposing yet complementary forces described in traditional Chinese medicine.

Yin represents cold, slow, or passive aspects of the person, while yang represents hot, excited, or active aspects. A major theory is that health is achieved through balancing yin and yang and disease is caused by an imbalance leading to a blockage in the flow of qi.. 

Qi can be unblocked, according to TCM, by using acupuncture at certain points on the body that connect with these meridians. Sources vary on the number of meridians, with numbers ranging from 14 to 20. One commonly cited source describes meridians as 14 main channels "connecting the body in a weblike interconnecting matrix" of at least 2,000 acupuncture points.

Acupuncture became better known in the United States in 1971, when New York Times reporter James Reston wrote about how doctors in China used needles to ease his pain after surgery. American practices of acupuncture incorporate medical traditions from China, Japan, Korea, and other countries.
Research (see bibliography) has shown that acupuncture reduces nausea and vomiting after surgery and chemotherapy. It can also relieve pain. Researchers don't fully understand how acupuncture works. It might aid the activity of your body's pain-killing chemicals. It also might affect how you release chemicals that regulate blood pressure and flow. 

According to Western medicine, the effects of Acupuncture are probably the result of stimulating the nervous system to release chemicals which may in turn release other hormones producing the desired effects. This theory is supported by the basic research work which has shown acupuncture’s effect on ACTH, insulin, thyroid hormones, growth stimulating hormone, beta-endorphin, white blood cell production and plasma cholesterol levels. It is also believed that Acupuncture may work on an electromagnetic bio-information system.

In the West, acupuncture is usually based on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) -- a modified system of Chinese medicine introduced in the 1950s. TCM teaches acupuncture combined with herbal therapies with less emphasis on moving energy. This type of Acupuncture is often used for medical diseases. Japanese Acupuncture focuses more on the linear flow of Qi, using finer and shorter needles. The French/European interpretation of Acupuncture has produced a style that uses energy channels in addition to focusing elements. It is also associated with Five Elements Acupuncture.

Although electrical stimulation, lasers, heat / moxibustion or pressure may be used to manipulate Qi meridians, treatment with acupuncture needles is the most commonly used technique. In an acupuncture session, acupuncturists may insert and remove the needles quickly or leave them in for longer periods of time, often with the application of heat or electrical impulses. Typically, 3-15 long thin solid needles are placed in various locations according to the meridians, not necessarily at the anatomic site of symptoms.

In general, adverse reactions to acupuncture are minimal, although case reports of complications do exist. Bleeding rarely occurs. Infection is minimized by most practitioners through the use of sterile disposable needles, which is recommended. Allergic reaction to the stainless steel needles is also rare. Pain varies by patient, but treatment is usually painless or slightly painful. Some patients report feeling temporary exacerbation of their symptoms. For patients receiving auricular treatments, the possibility of chondritis exists, although it is rare.

Source
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Links

www.yosan.edu/

The following is a bibliography for those interested in past research on acupuncture.

January 1970 through October 1997

2302 Citations

Prepared by
Lori J. Klein, M.A.L.S., National Library of Medicine
Alan I. Trachtenberg, M.D., M.P.H., National Institute on Drug Abuse

1997 October

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Public Health Service
National Institutes of Health

National Library of Medicine
Reference Section
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, Maryland 20894

Table of Contents

Bibliography:

ACUPUNCTURE

This bibliography was prepared in support of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Conference on Acupuncture held in Bethesda, MD on November 3-5, 1997. This document was prepared by staff at the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the National Library of Medicine (NLM), primarily to facilitate deliberations of the consensus development panel assembled by the Office of Medical Applications of Research (OMAR) and the Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM). The authors are mindful that this document may also serve as a primary bibliographic resource for American physicians and acupuncturists, as well as the English-speaking public around the world. With this in mind, searches were conducted with several accessible computerized databases using a multi-pronged search strategy that aspired to being comprehensive in an attempt to find clinical data relevant to the use of acupuncture points. In addition, the entire NLM collection of journals on the subject of acupuncture, not otherwise indexed and with English-language articles or summaries (Table I), was hand-searched by a medical epidemiologist for articles with relevant clinical data.

Acupuncture (vol. 1, 1990)
California Journal of Oriental Medicine (Spec Ed 1996)
Giornale Italiano di Riflessoterapia ed Agopuntura (Anno 1, 1989 - Anno 8, no.1, 1996)
International Journal of Veterinary Medicine (vol. 3, 1992 - vol. 6, 1995)
Needle (vol. 4, 1985 - vol. 6, 1987)
Pacific Journal of Oriental Medicine (no. 1, 1993 - no. 4, 1994 and no. 9 [c1996])
Revue Francais d'Acupuncture (vol. 6, 1980 - vol. 23, no. 90, 1997)
Washington Update of Acupuncture (vol 2, no. 1-7, 1997)
World Journal of Acupuncture (vol. 1, 1991 - vol. 2, 1992)

This bibliography has also incorporated much of the previous efforts and the organizational strategy of the Medical Acupuncture Research Foundation (MARF) bibliographies, compiled primarily by Russell J. Erickson, MD, and disseminated by the American Academy of Medical Acupuncture (AAMA)*. Most of the MARF topic sections have been further subdivided into sub-sections labeled "selected controlled trials" (Section A) and "other data" (Section B). Computer-indexed articles with descriptors including the terms "random" and/or "blind" (or variations thereof) were included in section A, along with hand-searched articles thought by the epidemiologist/searcher to be particularly useful controlled trials. While many excellent trials and useful case-series may have been included in section B, the clinician looking for the quickest and most definitive answers will usually be able to find many of the most important articles in section A. This bibliography includes citations indexed from January 1970 through September 1997. For ongoing acupuncture citations after these dates, the electronic databases listed in Table II will be very useful for the English-speaking clinician/researcher. Another resource that may be useful in the future is ACULARS, the Acupuncture Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, produced by the Beijing Institute of Information and Library of the Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Beijing. That database was not utilized for this bibliography because of its cost and the consideration that most of the information in ACULARS is not yet available in English.

Databases found to contain numerous unique bibliographic references:

Allied and Alternative Medicine produced by the British Library, Yorkshire, U.K.
EMBASE® (formerly Excerpta Medica) produced by Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam
Manual, Alternative and Natural Therapy^TM (MANTIS^TM) produced by Action Potential, Inc., Denton, TX
MEDLINE® produced by the National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD

Additional databases useful for veterinary literature:

AGRICOLA produced by the National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD
CAB ABSTRACTS produced by CAB International, Wallingford, U.K.

For the purposes of this conference, the term 'acupuncture' has been defined as "stimulation, primarily by the use of solid needles, of traditionally and clinically defined points on and beneath the skin, in an organized fashion for therapeutic and/or preventive purposes." The original acupuncture points (or "acupoints") are specific superficial anatomic locations defined in traditional Asian texts. The skin on or over these points is generally lower in transdermal electrical resistance than the skin surrounding them. There is considerable overlap between these traditional acupoints and points defined by other means in modern physical medicine such as "trigger points," "motor points," or "osteopathic lesions" (among other terms). These points are often palpable subcutaneously as either mild depressions or small and sometimes tender nodules. In traditional Asian medicine these points are stimulated either by puncture and manual manipulation of solid needles or by local heating. Heating is generally accomplished by the burning of dried, powdered Artemisia vulgaris (moxa), referred to as "moxibustion." This moxa is either placed or held just above the acupoint by the acupuncturist (indirect moxibustion), attached to a needle penetrating the point, or applied directly to the skin (direct moxibustion, generally removed prior to causing any detectable skin-burn). In modern times, additional methods of stimulating the acupoints include applications of electric current to needles in the points or skin electrodes over the points, injections into the points, laser-light directed onto the points, or finger-pressure massage of selected points, called "acupressure." In addition, many new points and whole new systems of points have been described on specific body-parts, leading to (for instance) scalp-acupuncture, hand-acupuncture, and ear-acupuncture.

What combination of acupoints are the best points to stimulate in which ways for various clinical problems has been the subject of writing and argument for centuries. Different systems and approaches are associated with various schools of thought and national traditions in Asia and the West. Acupuncture practitioners in European countries such as France, Italy, Germany, and England have evolved their own approaches to the clinical use of acupuncture points in the past century. Some of these are based on approaches popular at different times and places in Asian history, or based on diverse interpretations of traditional Chinese texts, or on different syntheses of material from these texts with the modern information derived from neurology, physiology, information theory, and biophysics. Much of the clinical literature of acupuncture is concerned with descriptions of these various approaches to clinical problems based on different theories or schools of thought. Most of that literature has not been included in this bibliography. While some historical or conceptual pieces have been included for the sake of completeness, the main purpose of this bibliography has been to compile citations of articles containing actual clinical data from defined numbers of human or animal subjects, to help answer the question of whether or not acupoint stimulation had a detectable and useful effect as performed in that particular study.

An acupuncture treatment is a procedure, like surgery or a psychotherapy session, rather than a drug. For this reason it has been very difficult to subject acupuncture to the gold-standard of randomized blinded trials (RBTs), and almost impossible to conduct truly double-blind trials. Much of the clinical data available for acupuncture consists of case-series, such as those often reported for new surgical procedures. For areas in which many RBTs are available (such as the prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting), these RBTs are the articles that have been emphasized in this collection. For areas in which fewer such definitive trials are available, a greater emphasis has been placed on including large case-series or other sources of less definitive, but still potentially useful clinical data. In addition, every attempt has been made to include the most complete possible list of "side effects" and other adverse events that have been reported in association with acupuncture. This may have resulted in the inclusion of multiple descriptions of single adverse events as well as the probable inclusion of events in which acupuncture was only one of many interventions being used and may not have been the cause of the "side effect."

This bibliography has been assembled specifically to help answer the question of whether, based on the clinical data, acupuncture point therapy is likely to be helpful in a given clinical problem. It is dedicated to the patients, clinicians, and researchers who have produced the information indexed here, as well as to the patients who may benefit from this information in the future. The authors would like to thank Adam Glazer, Jennie P. Hunt, and Peggie S. Tillman of the NLM for their assistance.

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ACUPUNCTURE USAGE - ADDICTIONS AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

Ackerman RW. The experience of women receiving auricular acupuncture treatment for chemical dependency during pregnancy [dissertation]. [Santa Barbara (CA)]: The Fielding Institute; 1994. 301 p.

Avants SK, Margolin A, Chang P, Kosten TR, Birch S. Acupuncture for the treatment of cocaine addiction. Investigation of a needle puncture control. J Subst Abuse Treat 1995 May-Jun;12(3):195-205.

Avants SK, Margolin A, Kosten TR. Cocaine abuse in methadone maintenance programs: integrating pharmacotherapy with psychosocial interventions. J Psychoactive Drugs 1994;26(2):137-46.

Buguet A, Sartre M, Le Kerneau J. [Continuous nocturnal automassage of an acupuncture point modifies sleep in healthy subjects]. Neurophysiol Clin 1995;25(2):78-83. (Fre).

Bullock ML, Umen AJ, Culliton PD, Olander RT. Acupuncture treatment of alcoholic recidivism: a pilot study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1987 Jun;11(3):292-5.

Cai ZM. Relation between the extent of distinctness of propagated sensation along channels and therapeutic effect of acupuncture on enuresis in Senegal patients. Chen Tzu Yen Chiu 1987;12 Suppl 2:65-6.

Clavel F, Benhamou S, Company-Huertas A, Flamant R. Helping people to stop smoking: randomised comparison of groups being treated with acupuncture and nicotine gum with control group. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985 Nov 30;291(6508):1538-9.

Clavel F, Paoletti C. [A study of various smoking cessation programs based on close to 1000 volunteers recruited from the general population: 1-month results]. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 1990;38(2):133-8. (Fre).

Clavel-Chapelon F, Paoletti C, Benhamou S. A randomised 2 x 2 factorial design to evaluate different smoking cessation methods. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 1992;40(3):187-90.

Clavel-Chapelon F, Paoletti C, Benhamou S. Smoking cessation rates 4 years after treatment by nicotine gum and acupuncture. Prev Med 1997 Jan-Feb;26(1):25-8.

Cottraux J, Schbath J, Messy P, Mollard E, Juenet C, Collet L. Predictive value of MMPI scales on smoking cessation programs outcomes. Acta Psychiatr Belg 1986 Jul-Aug;86(4):463-9.

Gillams J, Lewith GT, Machin D. Acupuncture and group therapy in stopping smoking. Practitioner 1984 Mar;228(1389):341-4.

He D, Berg JE, Hostmark AT. Effects of acupuncture on smoking cessation or reduction for motivated smokers. Prev Med 1997;26(2):208-14.

Kane J, Di Scipio WJ. Acupuncture treatment of schizophrenia: report on three cases. Am J Psychiatry 1979 Mar;136(3):297-302.

Konefal J, Duncan R, Clemence C. Comparison of three levels of auricular acupuncture in an outpatient substance abuse program. Altern Med J 1995;2(5):8-17.

Konefal J, Duncan R, Clemence C. The impact of the addition of an acupuncture treatment program to an existing metro-Dade County outpatient substance abuse treatment facility. J Addict Dis 1994;13(3):71-99.

Lagrue G, Poupy JL, Grillot A, Ansquer JC. [Antismoking acupuncture. Short-term results of a double-blind comparative study (letter)]. Nouv Presse Med 1980 Mar 15;9(13):966. (Fre).

Lao HH. A retrospective study on the use of acupuncture for the prevention of alcoholic recidivism. Am J Acupunct 1995;23(1):29-33.

Law M, Tang JL. An analysis of the effectiveness of interventions intended to help people stop smoking. Arch Intern Med 1995 Oct 9;155(18):1933-41.

Leung AS. Acupuncture treatment of withdrawal symptoms. Am J Acupunct 1977;5(1):43-50.

Li QS, Liu ZY, Ma HJ, Lu YY, Fang YA, Hou YZ, Cao SH, Zhang ZH. A preliminary study on the mechanism of ear-acupuncture for withdrawal of smoking. J Tradit Chin Med 1987 Dec;7(4):243-7.

Lipton DS, Brewington V, Smith M. Acupuncture for crack-cocaine detoxification: experimental evaluation of efficacy. J Subst Abuse Treat 1994 May-Jun;11(3):205-15.

Luo H, Jia Y, Feng X, Zhao X, Tang LC. Advances in clinical research on common mental disorders with computer controlled electro-acupuncture treatment. Adv Exp Med Biol 1995;363:109-22.

Luo HC, Shen YC, Jia YK. [Clinical study of electro-acupuncture on 133 patients with depression in comparison with tricyclic amitriptyline]. Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1988 Feb;8(2):77-80, 68. (Chi).

Luo HC, Shen YC, Zhou D, Jia YK. A comparative study of the treatment of depression by electroacupuncture and amitriptyline. Acupuncture 1990 Summer;1(2):20-6.

Man PL, Chuang MY. Acupuncture in methadone withdrawal. Int J Addict 1980 Aug;15(6):921-6.

Margolin A, Avants SK, Chang P, Birch S, Kosten TR. A single-blind investigation of four auricular needle puncture configurations. Am J Chin Med 1995;23(2):105-14.

Margolin A, Avants SK, Chang P, Kosten TR. Acupuncture for the treatment of cocaine dependence in methadone-maintained patients. Am J Addict 1993 Summer;2(3):194-201.

Margolin A, Chang P, Avants SK, Kosten TR. Effects of sham and real auricular needling: implications for trials of acupuncture for cocaine addiction. Am J Chin Med 1993;21(2):103-11.

Rampes H, Pereira S, Mortimer A, Manoharan S, Knowles M. Does electroacupuncture reduce craving for alcohol? A randomized controlled study. Complement Ther Med 1997;5(1):19-26.

Richard AJ, Montoya ID, Nelson R, Spence RT. Effectiveness of adjunct therapies in crack cocaine treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat 1995 Nov-Dec;12(6):401-13.

Riet GT, Kleijnen P, Knipschild P. A meta-analysis of studies into the effect of acupuncture on addiction. Br J Gen Pract 1990;40(338):379-82.

Steiner RP, Hay DL, Davis AW. Acupuncture therapy for the treatment of tobacco smoking addiction. Am J Chin Med 1982;10(1-4):107-21.

Vandevenne A, Rempp M, Burghard G, et al. [Study of the specific contribution of acupuncture to tobacco detoxication]. Sem Hop 1985;61(29):2155-60. (Fre).

Washburn AM, Fullilove RE, Fullilove MT, Keenan PA, McGee B, Morris KA, Sorensen JL, Clark WW. Acupuncture heroin detoxification: a single-blind clinical trial. J Subst Abuse Treat 1993 Jul-Aug;10(4):345-51.

White AR, Rampes H. Acupuncture in smoking cessation. In: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews [database on CDROM]. Oxford: Update Software; 1997 [updated 1996 Nov 24]. [9 p.]. (The Cochrane Library; 1997 no. 2).

Worner TM, Zeller B, Schwarz H, Zwas F, Lyon D. Acupuncture fails to improve treatment outcome in alcoholics. Drug Alcohol Depend 1992 Jun;30(2):169-73.

Yang X, Liu X, Luo H, Jia Y. Clinical observation on needling extrachannel points in treating mental depression. J Tradit Chin Med 1994 Mar;14(1):14-8.

Zhang B. [A controlled study of clinical therapeutic effects of laser acupuncture for schizophrenia]. Chung Hua Shen Ching Ching Shen Ko Tsa Chih 1991 Apr;24(2):81-3, 124. (Chi).

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Alexander CN, Robinson P, Rainforth M. Treating and preventing alcohol, nicotine, and drug abuse through transcendental meditation: a review and statistical meta-analysis. Alcohol Treat Q 1994;11(1-2):13-87.

Andres G. Un homme angoisse. Rev Fr Acupunct 1983;9(35):43-4. (Fre).

Ballal SG, Khawaji YN. Auricular stimulation and acupuncture as an adjuvant to an anti-smoking programme: analysis of the results of a 1-year experience. Tuber Lung Dis 1992 Dec;73(6):396.

Blum K, Briggs AH, Trachtenberg MC, Delallo L, Wallace JE. Enkephalinase inhibition: regulation of ethanol intake in genetically predisposed mice. Alcohol 1987 Nov Dec;4(6):449-56.

Boscq C. Abord de la problematique alcoolique a partir d'un lieu de soins. Rev Fr Acupunct 1994;20(78):10-5. (Fre).

Boureau F, Willer JC. [Failure of naloxone to modify the anti-tobacco effect of acupuncture (author's transl)]. Nouv Presse Med 1978 Apr 22;7(16):1401. (Fre).

Bresler DE, Cohen JS, Kroening R, Levin N, Sadoff A. The potential of acupuncture for the behavioral sciences. Am Psychol 1975 Mar;30(3):411-4.

Brewington V, Smith M, Lipton D. Acupuncture as a detoxification treatment: an analysis of controlled research. J Subst Abuse Treat 1994 Jul-Aug;11(4):289-307.

Brigo B, Campacci R. [Antismoking treatment by needle puncture of the ear]. Riabilitazione 1980;13(4):191-7. (Ita).

Brumbaugh AG. Acupuncture: new perspectives in chemical dependency treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat 1993;10(1):35-43.

Bucek R. [Role of combined ear and body acupuncture in tobacco weaning and weight reduction]. Dtsch Z Akupunktur 1986;29(2):27-32. (Ger).

Bullock ML, Culliton PD, Olander RT. Controlled trial of acupuncture for severe recidivist alcoholism. Lancet 1989 Jun 24;1(8652):1435-9. Comment in: Lancet 1990 Jan 6;335(8680):20-1.

Bullock ML, Umen AJ, Culliton PD, Olander RT. Acupuncture treatment of alcoholic recividism: a pilot study. Am J Acupunct 1987;15(4):313-20.

Caione P, Nappo S, Capozza N, Minni B, Ferro F. [Primary enuresis in children. Which treatment today?] Minerva Pediatr 1994;46(10):437-43. (Ita).

Capozza N, Creti G, De Gennaro M, Minni B, Caione P. [The treatment of nocturnal enuresis. A comparative study between desmopressin and acupuncture used alone or in combination]. Minerva Pediatr 1991 Sep;43(9):577-82. (Ita).

Cazzullo CL, Rogora GA, Frigoli D, Morelli R. [Personal experience with acupuncture in psychiatry and psychosomatic medicine]. Minerva Med 1977;68(33):2295-307. (Ita).

Chen A. An introduction to sequential electric acupuncture (SEA) in the treatment of stress related physical and mental disorders. Acupunct Electrother Res 1992 Oct-Dec;17(4):273-83.

Chen GS. Enkephalin, drug addiction and acupuncture. Am J Chin Med 1977;5(1):25-30.

Cheng RS, Pomeranz B, Yu G. Electroacupuncture treatment of morphine-dependent mice reduces signs of withdrawal, without showing cross-tolerance. Eur J Pharmacol 1980 Dec 19;68(4):477-81.

Choy YM, Tso WW, Fung KP, Leung KC, Tsang YF, Lee CY, Tsang D. Suppression of narcotic withdrawals and plasma ACTH by auricular electroacupunture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978 May 15;82(1):305-9.

Clavel F, Benhamou S. [Tobacco withdrawal. Comparison of the efficacy of various methods. Intermediate results of a comparative study]. Presse Med 1984 Apr 14;13(16):975-7. (Fre).

Clavel F, Benhamou S, Flamant R. Nicotine dependence and secondary effects of smoking cessation. J Behav Med 1987;10(6):555-8.

Clement-Jones V, McLoughlin L, Lowry PJ, et al. Acupuncture in heroin addicts: changes in met-enkephalin and beta-endorphin in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Lancet 1979;2(8139):380-2.

Cocchi R, Fusari A, Favuto F, Lorini G. [Acupuncture, vital drugs and psychotropic agents in psychiatric patients. 50 cases]. Minerva Med 1978 Sep 22;69(44):3003-9. (Ita).

Cocchi R, Lorini G, Fusari A, Carrossino R. [Experience with detoxification and weaning of heroin addicts by means of acupuncture, gabergic drugs and psychopharmacologic agents in low doses]. Minerva Med 1979 May 19;70(24):1735-44. (Ita).

Cottraux JA, Harf R, Boissel JP, Schbath J, Bouvard M, Gillet J. Smoking cessation with behaviour therapy of acupuncture--a controlled study. Behav Res Ther 1983;21(4):417-24.

Cui M. Advanced in studies on acupuncture abstinence. J Tradit Chin Med 1996 Mar;16(1):65-9.

Cui M. Advances in studies on acupuncture abstinence. J Tradit Chin Med 1995 Dec;15(4):301-7.

Culliton PD, Kiresuk TJ. Overview of substance abuse acupuncture treatment research. J Altern Complement Med 1996 Spring;2(1):149-65.

Dale RA. Addictions and acupuncture: The treatment methods, formulae, effectiveness and limitations. Am J Acupunct 1993;21(3):247-66.

Dong JT. Research on the reduction of anxiety and depression with acupuncture. Am J Acupunct 1993;21(4):327-30.

Dung HC. Clinical experiences in using acupuncture to help smoking withdrawal. Int J Chin Med 1986;3(1):5-16.

Facchinetti F, Petraglia F, Nappi G, Martignoni E, Sinforiani, E, Bono G, Genazzani AR. Functional opioid activity variates according to the different fashion of alcohol abuse. Subst Alcohol Actions Misuse 1984-85;5(6):281-91.

Fazio LF. Effects of acupuncture treatments upon depressive affect [dissertation]. San Diego: California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego; 1982. 80 p.

Ford Geiger EL. The psychotherapeutic utilization of acupuncture (counseling, Eastern philosophy, mental health, medicine) [dissertation]. [place unknown]: University of Massachusetts; 1986. 160 p.

Freibott A. [Ambulatory acupuncture assisted drug withdrawal program in Frankfurt am Main. A pilot experiment]. AKU 1995;23(3):176-80. (Ger).

Friedman J. Auricular acupuncture for smoking [letter]. Acupunct Electrother Res 1992;17(2):149-50.

Fuller JA. Smoking withdrawal and acupuncture. Med J Aust 1982 Jan 9;1(1):28-9.

Fung KP, Choa GH, Choy YM, Lee CY, Leung KC, Tsang D, Tso WW, Wen HL. Effect of electro-acupuncture on behavioral responses and plasma levels of ACTH and TSH in naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal in rats. Am J Chin Med 1980 Spring-Summer;8(1-2):167-9.

Gandhi R. The uses of auricular acupuncture in the field of substance misuse. Psychiatr Care 1996;3 Suppl 1:40-1.

Geerlings PJ, Bos TW, Schalken HFA, Wouters LFJM. [Detoxification of heroin addicts with electrostimulation or methadone]. Tijdschr Alcohol Drugs Andere Psychotrope Stoff 1985;11(2):80-5. (Dut).

Gilbey V, Neumann B. Auricular acupuncture for smoking withdrawal. Am J Acupunct 1977 Jul-Sep;5(3):239-47.

Greene HL, Goldberg RJ, Ockene JK. Cigarette smoking: the physician's role in cessation and maintenance. J Gen Intern Med 1988;3(1):75-8.

Gurevich MI, Duckworth D, Imhof JE, Katz JL. Is auricular acupuncture beneficial in the inpatient treatment of substance-abusing patients? A pilot study. J Subst Abuse Treat 1996 Mar-Apr;13(2):165-71.

Haegele PA. [20 years of experience in detoxification and withdrawal treatment with acupuncture]. AKU 1995;23(3):171-5. (Ger).

Han JS. Electroacupuncture: an alternative to antidepressants for treating affective diseases? Int J Neurosci 1986 Mar;29(1-2):79-92.

Han JS, Zhang RL. Suppression of morphine abstinence syndrome by body electroacupuncture of different frequencies in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 1993;31(2):169-75.

Ho WK, Wen HL, Lam S, Ma L. The influence of electro-acupuncture on naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal in mice: elevation of brain opiate-like activity. Eur J Pharmacol 1978 May 15;49(2):197-9.

Jia YK, Luo HC, Zhan L, Jia TZ, Yan M. A study on the treatment of schizophrenia with He-Ne laser irradiation of acupoint. J Tradit Chin Med 1987 Dec;7(4):269-72.

Jiang A, Cui M. Analysis of therapeutic effects of acupuncture on abstinence from smoking. J Tradit Chin Med 1994 Mar;14(1):56-63.

Johnson SH. Treatment of drug abusers in Malaysia: a comparison. Int J Addict 1983 Oct;18(7):951-8.

Kao AH, Lu LYC. Acupuncture procedure for treating drug addiction. Am J Acupunct 1974 Jul-Sep;2(3):201-7.

Kong F. Midnight-noon ebb-flow acupuncture in treating soft tissue injury: clinical observation of 34 cases. Int J Clin Acupunct 1993;4(3):293-5.

Kroening RJ, Oleson TD. Rapid narcotic detoxification in chronic pain patients treated with auricular electroacupuncture and naloxone. Int J Addict 1985;20(9):1347-60.

Kurland HD. ECT and Acu-EST in the treatment of depression. Am J Chin Med 1976 Autumn;4(3):289-92.

Lacroix JC, Besancon F. [Tobacco withdrawal. Efficacy of acupuncture in a comparative trial]. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 1977 Apr;128(4):405-8. (Fre).

Lamontagne Y, Annable L, Gagnon MA. Acupuncture for smokers: lack of long-term therapeutic effect in a controlled study. Can Med Assoc J 1980 Apr 5;122(7):787-90.

Lane C. Final evaluation report: Acupuncture Detoxification Project. Hooper Center, Central City Concern, Multnomah County, Oregon, Alcohol and Drug Program. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; 1988.

Lau MP. Acupuncture and addiction: an overview. Addict Dis 1976;2(3):449-63.

Lebeau B, Vidal C, Billion A, Torcy M, Rochemaure J. [Tobacco detoxication with acupuncture and group psychotherapy]. Rev Med Interne 1986;7(5):471-6. (Fre).

Leung JP. Smoking cessation by auricular acupuncture and behavioral therapy. Psychologia 1991 Sep;34(3):177-87.

Lewenberg A. Electroacupuncture and antidepressant treatment of alcoholism in a private practice. Clin Ther 1985;7(5):611-7.

Lewenberg A. The utility of acupuncture in combination with antidepressants or clonidine in the treatment of opiate addiction. Adv Ther 1985;2(4):143-9.

Lewis GB, Litt M. An alternative approach to premedication: comparing diazepam with auriculotherapy and a relaxation method. Am J Acupunct 1987 Jul-Sep;15(3):205-13.

Lewith G. The treatment of tobacco addiction. Complement Ther Med 1995 Jul;3(3):142-5.

Lin Y. Acupuncture treatment for insomnia and acupuncture analgesia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1995;49(2):119-20.

Liu G, Jia Y, Zhan L, Luo H. Electroacupuncture treatment of presenile and senile depressive state. J Tradit Chin Med 1992 Jun;12(2):91-4.

Low SA. Acupuncture and nicotine withdrawal. Med J Aust 1977 Nov 12;2(20):687.

Low SA. Letter: Acupuncture and heroin withdrawal. Med J Aust 1974 Aug 31;2(9):341.

Lowe L. A focus on acupuncture research, compiled by the California Department of Corrections. Paper presented at: Fifth annual conference, National Acupuncture Detoxification Association; 1994 Mar 18-20; San Francisco, CA.

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