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Zhejiang
I. Basic Figures
-
Name: Zhejiang Province
- Areas:
>0.1 million km2
-
Population: 442.2
million (in registered permanent residence at the end of 1997)
- Capital:
Hangzhou City
-
Geography: Zhejiang province lies in the area of South-east
China, between east longitude 118°
01¢ -123° 08¢
and north latitude 27° 01¢ -31°
10¢ , north with the Tai
Lake and east with the East Sea. It has a long coastline, 2,200 km, and
great many of islands, 2,100. Its climate belongs to the sub-tropical
moisture monsoon zone. Shanghai City, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi and
Fujian Provinces lie on Zhejiang province.
- Natural
Resource: It has various natural resources, such as fruit
land productive capacity, variety of plentiful non-metal resources,
great potential of sea resource, various of harbors, quality deep
shoreline, attractive traveling resource from beautiful mountains and
assembled humanities. On the other hand, Zhejiang is also a province
short of arable land per capita, energy and basic industry material
resource.
- Economy:
In 1997, the GDP of Zhejiang Province was 463.824 billion Yuan and its
per capita GDP was 10,515 Yuan. The total amount of import and export
got to 15.491 billion Yuan. Its total revenue of fiscal and total
amount of grain were 34.052 billion Yuan and 14.935 million dun,
respectively.
- People's
life: At the end of 1997, Zhejiang had 26.1966 million
persons employed, accounting for 59.2% of total population. The total
wage bill of workers and staff was 40.2 billion Yuan. Per capita
disposable income of urban resident was 7,358.72 Yuan and per capita
net income of rural resident was 3,684.22 Yuan. Per capita living space
of urban and rural resident were 11.28 m2 and
37.30 m2,, respectively. Per capita living
expenditure of resident was 3,670 Yuan. Those of urban and rural
resident were 7,566 Yuan and 2,744 Yuan. Enrollment rate of children in
school age was 99.98%. The number of university students per 10
thousand was 23.1. The numbers of sickbed and doctor per 10 thousand
were 24.4 and 16.3.
- Education:
At the end of 1997, Zhejiang had 35 higher education institutes
containing 102,302 students and 11,595 teachers, 3,444 junior and
senior schools containing 2.44 million students and 136.7 thousand
teachers and 19.7 thousand primary schools containing 3.68 million
students and 154 thousand teachers. In the past years, proportions of
all education levels, except illiterate and semi-illiterate, rose.
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II. Population Situation
- Size
and Distribution
In 1997, Zhejiang had a population of 4.435 million. The basic
structure of population distribution is as follows: the dense zone of
North-Zhe Plain and South-east-Zhe Plain, the secondly dense zone of
Jinju Basin and relative sparse zone of East-Zhe, South-Zhe and
West-Zhe Hill and Mountain. - Population
History
Since 1949, the development of Zhejiang population has been quite
undulate. According to the population growth rate, the development can
be divided into five stages: (1) 1949-1958, the first culmination of
population growth when the population growth rate(PGR) per year was
24.3 ‰; (2) 1959-1961, the lowest period of population growth when the
PGR was 12.1‰; (3) 1962-1966, the second culmination of population
growth when the PGR was 26.6 ‰; (4) 1967-1979, the stable decline
period of population growth when the PGR was 17.9 ‰; (5) 1980-, the low
increase period of population growth, in the first 10 years, the PGR
per year was 10.3‰ and in 1997, the PGR declined to be 4.93‰. In short,
Zhejiang population development has being in the eve of population
transition. - Population
Structure by Sex and age
Population sex ratio of Zhejiang was always high, e.g. 113.35 in 1947.
However, since 1949, population sex ratio has declined slowly and
tended to be normal. In 1949-64, population sex ratio was more than 109
and the highest one is 111.35. In 1965-78, it was 108-109. In 1979-97,
it was 106-108, almost normal. Whereas, in the past years, the sex
ratio at birth had a tendency to rise.
Based on the Forth Census Data, since 1949,
Zhejiang population age structure had changed as follows: the
culmination age became older and the proportion of the young age group
decreased.
4.
Fertility Level and Changes
In the 1990s, the characteristics of fertility
are as follows: low birth rate but high absolute birth; distinctive
difference among areas. In 1997, CBR was 11.41‰ and NGR was 4.93‰. According to
the population projections by high, middle and low parameters, CBR will
continue to decline smoothly in the early period of future 50 years.
And in the late period, it will be wavy, fluctuating between 11-13‰.
5.
Mortality and Life Expectancy
Before 1949, CDR of Zhejiang population was high,
e.g. 28.2‰
in 1936. However, between 1949-1997, CDR had declined gradually, from
14.84‰ in
1949 to 6.48‰
in 1997. Zhejiang population has finished the process from high CDR to
low CDR.
Before
the setup of P.R. China, the average life expectancy at birth was only
about 35. However, it has risen to be 72.03 in 1989, according to the
Fourth Population Census.
6. Marital
Status, Family and Type
In 1997, 18.8% of the population above 15 year
old were unmarried, 73.7% were married, 6.64% were widowed and 0.86%
were divorced.
Since
1949, the number of household has increased continuously. From 1953 to
1997, it rose from 5.7976 million to 11.6847 million. Currently, the
family size is decreasing and the family structure is also becoming
simple. Compared with that in 1982, most of families in 1990 had 2, 3
or 4 persons, accounting for 68.63% in the total family. The proportion
of nuclear family rose, that of stem family was smooth and that of
joint family declined. In 1997, the family size was 3.19.
7. Aging
of Population
The Fourth Census indicates that Zhejiang
population has become an aged society since 1990. It is one of five
provinces which became an aged society firstly. The characteristics of
aging are as follows: rapid aging rate (the growth rate of elderly
population is much faster than that of total population); relatively
young age structure of elderly population (in 1990, population of 60-69
years old accounted for 60.97% in population above 60 years old. But
that of above 80 only accounted for 9.18%); unbalanced aging rate among
areas.
8.
Population Quality
According to the Fourth Census, the proportion of
population with middle or high education increased and that of
population with illiterate and semi-illiterate education declined.
Compared with that in 1964 and in 1982, the population with higher
education increased 2.1 times and 1.67 times, respectively; the crude
illiterate rate decreased from 37.89%, 23.93% to 17.61%. However,
compared with the national average, Zhejiang population quality is
relatively low. The number of population with higher education and high
school was below the national average. The general point of population
education was only 7.885, ranking 16 in China. The average education
year was only about 6 years. The ratio of population with higher
education and illiterate was 6.65%, ranking 19 in China. Furthermore,
the problem of drop-out children is still serious.
9.
Migration and Population Floating
In 35 years of 1956 – 1990, there were 23 years
when the out-migration was more that the in-migration and 12 years when
the out-migration was less than the in-migration. Since the 1980s, the
number of migration has become high, but the migration rate has kept
relatively stable; inner-provincial migration has been dominant;
compared with the national average, the rate of inter-provincial
migration is higher, but the inner-provincial migration is less.
According
to the Fourth Census, on July 1, 1990, floating population who had left
the household registered county for more than one year was 2.145
million, accounting for 5.2% of the Census registered population. The
city with the most floating population was Wenzhou City. It had a
floating population of 0.5057 million, accounting for 9.4% of the
Census registered population. Inner-county floating population was 1.3
million in 1990. The basic characteristics of floating population are
as follows: more male than female; more young people; relatively high
education; mostly engaged in industry and service industry; converge in
the areas of vicinity, neighborhood city, developed economy,
undeveloped service industry, or energy, original material bases.
10.
Population, Resources and Environment
With a large and relatively low education
population, the population pressure on resource tends to be serious.
For meeting the increasing population and its demand, natural resource
are developed deeply and environment is becoming frail.
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